TEHRAN – Prior to his departure for Moscow last week, Ebrahim Raisi expressed hope that the visit, the first by an Iranian president in almost five years, would lead to a “turning point” in his country’s relations with Russia.

In the Russian capital, both Raisi and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, supported improving bilateral ties during a three-hour meeting on January 19 in which they also discussed regional and international issues.

For their part, Iran’s petroleum and economy ministers who accompanied Raisi said their talks with their counterparts exceeded expectations. Without disclosing many details, the ministers said agreements were made in trade, energy, transportation and banking sectors and promised that the results would be felt in the foreseeable future.

Following the two-day visit on January 19 and 20, analysts said Iran and Russia were on track to improve their ties across the board – but the scale and timing were complicated by a number of factors.

As in previous years, comprehensive United States sanctions on Iran are sure to complicate any commitments, for as long as they persist.

Meanwhile, the record figure of Iran-Russia bilateral trade that exceeded $3.5bn in 2021, according to Iran’s ambassador in Moscow, still falls far short compared with the levels reached between Russia and several other regional actors.

“The visit seems more ceremonial than a substantive turning point in bilateral relations,” 

Nicole Grajewski, a research fellow with the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, said a new and improved 20-year cooperation agreement between Iran and Russia has yet to be finalized, and Raisi only handed over Iran’s proposed draft during his trip.

“That being said, Russia-Iran relations are significantly stronger today than they were the last time an Iranian president visited Russia in 2017 under [Hassan] Rouhani,” Grajewski told Al Jazeera, referring to Raisi’s predecessor, whose term ended in August 2021.

The fate of the ongoing intensive talks in Vienna aimed at restoring Iran’s 2015 nuclear deal with world powers will still play a major role in the future of Iran’s ties with Russia.

Russia, a signatory, has been actively trying to facilitate the revival of the landmark accord that the U.S. unilaterally abandoned in 2018, and has been a mediating force between Iran, the European signatories and the U.S.

“It is very important for me to know your opinion on the JCPOA,” Putin told Raisi at the January 19 meeting, referring to the deal by its formal name, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

All sides have attested that some real progress has been achieved in recent weeks in the Austrian capital, but resolving outstanding political issues appears to hinge on concessions by both Iran and the U.S.

“The Iranian nuclear issue has historically affected Russia-Iran relations but it has been variable in its impact across certain issues,” the Belfer Center’s Grajewski said.

“The Vienna talks are a central aspect of the Russia-Iran relationship today. Moscow has historically adopted a constructive position on Iran’s nuclear program even during low points of U.S.-Russia relations after Ukraine.”

However, Grajewski pointed out that if the talks fail, different aspects of the two countries’ relations could be affected.

For instance, the two have been discussing the possibility of Iran purchasing advanced arms – especially the top of the line S-400 air defense systems and Su-35 fighter jets.

Such a prospect is made possible by the lifting of a United Nations embargo on conventional arms sales to Iran in 2020 as a result of the nuclear deal, something Russia supported.

According to Samuel Ramani, associate fellow at the Royal United Service Institute, Russia may not be eager to sell the arms to Iran at the moment either.

“Russia’s overall policy in the Middle East is to be friends with all, allies of none, enemies of none, so selling arms to Iran might disrupt its efforts to balance closer ties with Israel and the UAE, in particular, as tensions are heightened between these countries and Tehran right now and Saudi Arabia,” he told Al Jazeera.

But that does not mean Iran and Russia are disinterested in boosting military cooperation, as the two held a joint trilateral naval drill with China in an area north of the Indian Ocean on Friday.

Shared regional interests 

Observers say Iran and Russia have shared interests across the region that will be maintained or improved regardless of he two presidents’ meeting.

Both Raisi and Putin praised “successful” joint efforts in Syria, where the two countries support President Bashar al-Assad in the country’s 10-year war. They agreed that “combating terrorism” in Syria is a shared goal.

Iran and Russia have a shared concern about the fate of Taliban-controlled Afghanistan after the chaotic U.S. exit in August. Both have been active in organizing talks to find solutions on a number of issues.

Along with China, Iran and Russia have repeatedly denounced U.S. “unilateralism”. And Moscow and Beijing recently supported Tehran’s successful bid to become a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

At the meeting Putin also expressed his support for Iran to gain a larger foothold in the Eurasian Economic Union, and said both sides are working to create a free-trade zone.

Lastly, Russia has been vocal about its interests in being increasingly engaged in mediating efforts on Persian Gulf and regional security.

On January 21, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia wants to organize a conference to resolve regional issues through dialogue.

Lavrov described it as “a conference that would bring Iranians and Arabs together where Iran would not be the subject of discussion and where each side would lay their concerns on the table” and would address issues with Yemen, Syria and Iraq as well.