In an article posted on the website of the Council on Foreign Relations on July 26, Adam Mount says negotiations with Tehran show that the global nuclear order works best as a coherent whole.

However, Mount says each component faces real challenges in order to keep the peace.
Following is an excerpt of the article
Though the atomic bomb was first developed in 1945, it was not until 1957 that the U.S. intelligence community conducted its first forecast of how nuclear weapons might spread around the world. That first estimate concluded that some ten countries had the capability to build the bomb in the next decade. Six years later, President John F. Kennedy warned that the 1970s could see a world in which twenty-five countries possessed nuclear weapons. This counterfactual—what would the world look like without the nonproliferation regime?—is one of the most important and vexing questions in international politics.

Thankfully, this is only a counterfactual. The nine nuclear weapons states that exist in the world today are still too many, but this number is a far cry from what might have been. Nevertheless, this month’s deal with Iran is an historic step for nonproliferation: for the first time since the dawn of the nuclear era, no country is publicly known to be pursuing a nuclear weapon.

As the calendar counts down the sixty days that Congress has to review the deal, the U.S. political system is embroiled in debate over the merits of the deal for the United States and the Middle East. The Iran deal is also significant in that it is an enormous testament to the effectiveness of the complex system of international institutions that govern the nuclear world.

The negotiations with Iran set new standards for rigor, cooperation, and creativity, generating several novel instruments that could serve as valuable tools for correcting future proliferation challenges, including a monitored procurement channel through which the international community can approve Iran’s purchases of sensitive components, a requirement that Iran ship its enriched uranium out of the country for down-blending, and unprecedented verification measures. In short, the agreement with Iran strengthens the system of institutions that must take on the difficult task of verifying this agreement.

Though attention has focused on the negotiating teams in Vienna, the Iran deal is proof that the regime functions best as a coherent whole. Each component faces real challenges and needs continued attention if the regime is to thrive.

As the foundation of the global nuclear order, the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) provides an unambiguous affirmation that new nuclear weapons programs are illegal. The solidity of the NPT is endangered by the nuclear states’ poor progress on disarmament and the movement of concerned states that is considering drafting a global ban on nuclear weapons. The treaty needs the superpowers to make new progress on arms control and for the humanitarian movement to find constructive ways of pursuing their valid goals.

Reading the text of the Iran deal, it is clear how much the international community relies on the IAEA—not only as an impartial inspector of countries but also as a patient negotiator that can help them back into compliance. The IAEA will need additional funding to implement the rigorous inspection and monitoring requirements in the Iran deal.

The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, though not in force, operates an International Monitoring System (IMS) that ensures all states that their adversaries are not racing ahead by testing weapons. This certainty allows the nuclear countries to reduce their stockpiles and reduces proliferation pressures for nonnuclear countries. For the IMS to be fully effective at detecting a nuclear test, eight more countries must ratify the treaty, led by the United States.

The Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty is a well-liked proposal that would prohibit the production of the fissile material for nuclear bombs worldwide, providing another layer of restriction and inspection on countries that might want to race ahead of their adversaries. Unfortunately, Pakistan is holding up the treaty in the United Nations. All countries should rededicate themselves to finding solutions to Pakistan’s objections and to pressuring them to allow the treaty to advance.

Though not an institution, U.S.-Russia bilateral arms control treaties are another important component of the global nuclear regime. Continued reductions of the world’s largest arsenals is crucial to assuring all states that nuclear weapons are relics of the past, but in recent years, progress has stalled. Other countries should pressure Russia to accept the Obama administration’s proposal to negotiate a further one-third reduction in deployed strategic weapons.

In addition, diplomats and analysts around the world should explore new proposals for limiting nuclear dangers. Among the most promising are the proposals for a global regime to control fissile material, regardless of its form, purposes, or location. Versions have been proposed by Amb. Richard Burt and Jan Lodal and by the Nuclear Futures Lab at Princeton University.

The approach is related to those provisions in the Iran deal that require Iran to ship its nuclear material out of the country for reprocessing, down-blending, or conversion. Currently, the IAEA is working on a global version, an international fuel bank that would provide countries with an assured supply of low enriched uranium that can be used for peaceful purposes. In subsequent years, world powers should work to ensure that the bank gains broad acceptance and expands its mandate to cover other forms of sensitive material and provide other services to states.

The nuclear nonproliferation regime rightly elicits skepticism among politicians and analysts around the world. Deep-seated concerns over national security and justice kept the world powers from designing and implementing a rational and comprehensive regime to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. The existing system was pieced together over the decades by different statesmen with evolving motives. Yet, the Iran agreement proves that the system can still generate new ideas; meanwhile, proposals like the fissile material agreements discussed above offer a distinct hope of recovering the rationality and comprehensiveness that underwrite a sustainable and effective international regime.

Though decades of concerted effort have severely constrained nuclear proliferation, the regime is more important than ever. World powers will rely on the regime as they attempt to implement the Iran deal, roll back the North Korean nuclear program, gain more information about recent events in Syria, and detect the next nuclear aspirant in time to prevent a tenth nuclear state. Like other areas of global governance, the nuclear nonproliferation regime needs to continually improve if it is to survive. At this precarious moment, world powers should not allow themselves to become complacent or to disparage the regime to score political points at home. The world must rededicate itself to building a regime that can make the world safe from the most dangerous weapons.

MD/PA